Class 10 Social Science (Geography) Chapter 3 Water Resources

Key Concept: Application of Concepts

c) There is significant water wastage in the city's supply system.
[Solution Description] The city might be experiencing water shortages because, despite heavy rainfall, there is inefficient management of water resources. This can include inadequate infrastructure for capturing and storing rainwater, high levels of pollution that render natural bodies of water unusable, or over-extraction of groundwater which leads to depletion.

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Key Concept: Hydrological Cycle

b) Hydrological cycle
[Solution Description] The syllabus outlines that the hydrological cycle plays a key role in making water a renewable resource by recycling water through processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

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Key Concept:  Percentage Recall

a) 2.5%
[Solution Description] According to the distribution of Earth's water, 97.5% is in oceans and only 2.5% is freshwater.

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Key Concept:  Critical Thinking, Water Scarcity Analysis

b) Reduced glacier-based freshwater availability, with decreased ocean salinity initially but increasing later
[Solution Description] Glacial melt contributes additional freshwater to the ocean, temporarily reducing ocean salinity until mixing occurs. However, increased salt content due to evaporation can offset this effect. Meanwhile, terrestrial freshwater availability decreases as glaciers shrink since they are vital reservoirs of frozen freshwater. This leads to reduced natural water sources over time, heightening scarcity concerns.

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Key Concept:  Freshwater Sources

d) Oceans
[Solution Description] Freshwater sources include glaciers, groundwater, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Oceans are not considered a source of freshwater because they contain saltwater.

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Key Concept:  Impact of Over-exploitation, Water Quality Concerns

b) By increasing pollution through runoff containing industrial waste
[Solution Description] Urbanization increases impervious surfaces, reducing natural water infiltration and increasing runoff that carries pollutants into water bodies. The reduction in infiltration hampers groundwater recharge while contaminating existing sources.

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Key Concept: Surface vs. Groundwater

c) Groundwater is stored in aquifers below the Earth's surface
[Solution Description] Groundwater is typically found beneath the earth's surface and not visible like rivers or lakes, making it distinct from surface water.

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 Key Concept: Basic Definition

c) Underground layers of rock that store water
[Solution Description] An aquifer is defined as an underground layer of rock that stores water. This definition highlights its role in the hydrological cycle by being a natural reservoir of groundwater.

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 Key Concept: Critical Thinking, Advanced Application

b) 60,000 liters
[Solution Description] To determine the volume of water collected, we use the formula $V = A \times R \times E$, where A is the area in square meters, R is the rainfall in liters per square meter, and E is the efficiency.

Firstly, calculate the total rainfall on the area:
$ V_{\text{total}} = A \times R = 100 \, \text{m}^2 \times 800 \, \text{mm} $
Convert rainfall from mm to liters $(1 \, \text{mm} = 1 \, \text{L/m}^2)$:
$ V_{\text{total}} = 100 \times 800 = 80,000 \, \text{liters} $

Now apply the efficiency:
$ V_{\text{collected}} = V_{\text{total}} \times E = 80,000 \times 0.75 = 60,000 \, \text{liters} $
Thus, the expected volume of water collected annually is 60,000 liters.

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 Key Concept: Surface Water Sources

a) Lake
[Solution Description] Surface water sources include bodies of water that are found on the Earth's surface like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Among the options provided, a lake is a surface water source.

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 Key Concept: Hydrological Cycle

c) Through the hydrological cycle
[Solution Description]
The hydrological cycle plays a critical role in renewing Earth's surface water by circulating water between oceans, atmosphere, and land through processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and surface runoff. This continuous movement ensures that surface water levels remain sustainable over time.

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 Key Concept: Drought Management, Agricultural Shifts

b) Diversification and expansion of crop types
[Solution Description] Introducing river irrigation projects in drought-prone areas relying on the Narmada River can drastically alter agricultural practices. By providing reliable water supply, farmers can diversify crops beyond drought-resistant varieties to include more water-intensive ones, enhancing food security and economic stability. However, successful implementation requires efficient water distribution systems and education on sustainable farming techniques to prevent misuse and ensure long-term benefits.

Therefore, these projects allow diversification of crops and improvement in agricultural outputs.

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 Key Concept: Agricultural Water Use

d) Irrigated agriculture
[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, irrigated agriculture is identified as a major consumer of water resources. This sector requires significant amounts of water for irrigation purposes, making it the largest consumer compared to other sectors.

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 Key Concept: Basic Definition

a) Over-exploitation
[Solution Description] The primary causes of water scarcity include over-exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water resources. Among these, over-exploitation refers to using water resources at a faster rate than they can be replenished, which is a direct cause of water scarcity.

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 Key Concept: Long-Term Impact, Critical Thinking

d) Economic decline, health crises, and social unrest
[Solution Description] Persistent water scarcity leads to decreased agricultural yields, affecting food prices and supply chains, which in turn can cause inflation and economic stress. The health sector suffers from increased water-borne diseases, straining public health systems. Socially, it can escalate conflicts over resource access, causing migration and altering demographics. Over time, these challenges compound, hindering economic growth and destabilizing social structures.

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 Key Concept: Solution Synthesis, Multi-Factor Analysis

b) Developing drought-resistant crops and investing in advanced water management techniques
[Solution Description] To solve this problem, we need to consider both causes: low rainfall and high evaporation. Developing drought-resistant crops can help cope with low rainfall as they require less water for growth. Investing in advanced water management techniques like efficient irrigation systems can reduce water loss through evaporation. Therefore, focusing on these two strategies together can effectively combat the effects of physical water scarcity.

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 Key Concept: Advanced Scenario Analysis, Policy Implications

b) Immediate increase in food security due to efficient water usage
[Solution Description] To solve this problem, we need to evaluate the immediate effects of enhancing infrastructure and encouraging sustainable agriculture. Improving infrastructure will increase water availability by effectively managing and distributing resources. Sustainable agricultural practices tend to reduce water consumption. Therefore, both measures combined will likely result in increased efficiency and accessibility to water, leading to improved agricultural productivity.

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 Key Concept: Agricultural Demand

c) Irrigated agriculture
[Solution Description]
Irrigated agriculture is identified as the largest consumer of water due to the extensive need for water in farming activities and crop cultivation.

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 Key Concept: Long-term Solutions, Technological Innovations

b) Development of efficient irrigation systems like drip and sprinklers.
[Solution Description] Addressing agricultural water scarcity requires strategies that enhance water-use efficiency. Implementing efficient irrigation systems such as drip or sprinkler systems can minimize water wastage and ensure optimal usage by crops. These technologies apply water directly to the plant roots, reducing evaporation losses and increasing crop yield per unit of water used. As such, they represent a sustainable long-term solution to manage scarce water resources efficiently.

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 Key Concept: Integrated Analysis, Real-world Application

b) Encouraging crop diversity with less water-demanding species along with advanced industrial waste treatment systems
[Solution Description]
To solve this problem, we first need to understand how industrialization and agriculture contribute to water scarcity. Industrial processes often consume large amounts of water and can lead to pollution if not managed properly. Similarly, agriculture requires significant water input for irrigation and may also contribute to water quality degradation through runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides.

A sustainable strategy should aim to reduce water usage in both sectors while improving efficiency. Introducing water recycling and reusing technologies in industries can help mitigate water demand from natural sources. In agriculture, adopting efficient irrigation techniques (such as drip irrigation) reduces water consumption and minimizes runoff.

Moreover, integrating policies requiring industries to treat their wastewater before discharge helps protect water bodies from contamination. Establishing regulations that limit water-intensive crops in areas with high water stress is essential. Education and awareness programs can further enforce these practices by promoting water conservation efforts among communities.

Hence, a combination of technological improvements in industry, efficient irrigation methods in agriculture, robust regulation on water use, and educational initiatives contributes to an effective long-term solution.

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 Key Concept: Integrated Approach, Policy Implications

c) Encouraging stakeholder collaboration for comprehensive water policy reforms
[Solution Description] Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) focuses on coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources. For flood irrigation inefficiencies, an IWRM strategy involving stakeholders from various sectors (agriculture, government, environmental groups) can promote efficient water usage through tailored solutions like advanced irrigation technologies and revised water allocation policies, aiming at long-term sustainability.

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 Key Concept: Water Quality Issues, Ecological Impact

b) Pollution of river waters making them unfit for use
[Solution Description]
The problem in the semi-arid region can stem from multiple factors related to quality and ecological impact. Firstly, pollution caused by industrial discharge or agricultural runoff contaminating water bodies can make water unsafe for use, effectively reducing available freshwater. Secondly, mismanagement of water resources, such as over-extraction leading to reduced flow levels, can result in scarcity even if there are rivers present. This mismanagement can further exacerbate ecological issues like loss of biodiversity and habitat.

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 Key Concept: Industrialization Effect

c) They consume large quantities of water and may discharge pollutants
[Solution Description] Industries require significant amounts of water for processing, cooling, and cleaning. This high demand, coupled with potential pollution from industrial waste, stresses local water supplies and quality.

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 Key Concept: Modern Adaptations

c) Tamil Nadu
[Solution Description] Tamil Nadu was the first Indian state to make rooftop rainwater harvesting compulsory for all new buildings to address water scarcity issues.

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 Key Concept: Critical Thinking, Real-world Application

c) Focusing on extensive water recycling processes
[Solution Description] Solving this issue involves addressing both water quality and quantity. Drip irrigation is known for its efficient water usage, beneficial for reducing consumption but does little for pollution control. Rainwater harvesting helps augment water supply by capturing and storing rainfall, indirectly aiding in dilution of pollutants but not addressing existing contamination. Water recycling directly tackles pollution by treating wastewater to reusable standards, thus also contributing to increased water availability. Industrial effluent treatment combined with rainwater collection provides a dual advantage: filtered contaminants improve water quality while harvested rain supports replenishment. Hence, implementing robust water recycling operations stands out as the optimal balance for this scenario.

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 Key Concept: Real-world Application, Advanced Reasoning

a) Implementing controlled irrigation systems combined with soil moisture sensors to apply fertilizers only when needed.
[Solution Description] The solution involves selecting an approach that reduces environmental run-off while maintaining agricultural productivity. Techniques such as precision farming can optimize fertilizer usage, ensuring nutrients are efficiently absorbed by crops, thus minimizing excess that may leach into waterways. Other methods include buffer zones or constructed wetlands to filter runoff before it reaches water bodies.

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 Key Concept: Complex Cause-Effect, Integrated Impact

c) Eutrophication caused by nutrient-rich runoff exacerbated by toxins results in hypoxia.
[Solution Description] Industrial effluents often contain heavy metals and chemicals, which can be toxic to aquatic life. Agricultural runoff frequently carries nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers into water bodies. When both pollutants enter the ecosystem simultaneously, the nutrients can cause eutrophication, leading to algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels, causing hypoxic conditions detrimental to marine life. Meanwhile, the toxic elements further stress and reduce fish populations.

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 Key Concept: Basic Concept

a) Recycling and treatment of waste
[Solution Description] The basic concept here involves taking steps to prevent water pollution by properly treating waste rather than dumping it in water bodies.

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 Key Concept: Rainwater Harvesting

d) Rooftop rainwater harvesting
[Solution Description] Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves directing rainwater collected on building roofs into storage tanks or recharge pits, making it available for later use.

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 Key Concept: Roof Harvesting

c) Collecting the first spell of rain
[Solution Description] The first step in traditional rooftop rainwater harvesting involves collecting the initial spell of rain to wash away impurities and clean the roof surface before channeling the rest of the water into storage systems.

 Key Concept: Structural Features

c) Underground storage with steps
[Solution Description] Bawris are characterized by their underground storage with steps leading down to the water level, allowing people to easily access the stored water.

 Key Concept: Basic Concept

c) To store rainwater
[Solution Description] Bawris, also known as step wells, are traditional water storage systems used primarily in arid regions to store rainwater. Their main function is to provide a reliable water source during dry periods.

 Key Concept: Real-World Application, Technological Advancements

b) Automated control systems with sensors to monitor water levels.
[Solution Description] Modern technology can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of Kunds by implementing automated systems that optimize water collection and distribution based on real-time data. For instance, using sensors to monitor water levels can help manage water usage more efficiently and solar-powered pumps can distribute stored rainwater throughout an urban network, ensuring a steady supply during dry seasons.

 Key Concept: Seasonal Relevance

b) Summer
[Solution Description] The purpose of Kunds is to store rainwater for use during times when other sources may not be available. In Rajasthan, these are particularly crucial during dry seasons, especially summer, as traditional water sources often dry up by this time.

 Key Concept: Basic Concept

c) To channel water for irrigation
[Solution Description] A 'kul' is traditionally used for channeling water from natural sources such as glaciers or river streams to villages and agricultural fields, primarily serving the purpose of irrigation.

 Key Concept: Historical Context

d) Indus Valley Civilization
[Solution Description] The Indus Valley Civilization is renowned for its sophisticated urban planning, including the construction of advanced stepwells for better water management and storage.

 Key Concept: Policy Implications, Ecological impacts

b) Unsustainable groundwater exploitation.
[Solution Description] Atal Bhujal Yojana focuses on improving groundwater management through community participation and demand-side interventions. Without effective community engagement, there is a risk of inefficient usage and mismanagement of water resources, which could lead to further depletion of groundwater levels. This mismanagement would exacerbate ecological imbalances, causing reduced soil fertility and affecting local biodiversity. Proper education and involvement are vital to ensure sustainable methods are adopted.

 Key Concept: Rainwater Harvesting

c) Tankas
[Solution Description] The traditional methods of rainwater harvesting vary by region in India. In Rajasthan, "tankas" are commonly used for collecting and storing rainwater.

 Key Concept: Cultural Significance, System Efficiency

b) Due to its status as a symbol of communal identity and sustainability
[Solution Description] The bamboo drip irrigation system holds cultural significance as a 200-year-old tradition in Meghalaya. It reflects sustainable practices interwoven with local customs, promoting environmental stewardship. The community values these ancestral methods, reinforcing collective identity while maintaining an efficient, low-cost irrigation option amidst modern technologies.

 Key Concept: System Components

c) Drip emitters
[Solution Description] A key component of a drip irrigation system is the use of drip emitters, which are devices that control the release of water in small quantities directly to the plant base.

 Key Concept: Definition Recall

a) An irrigation method that sprays water over the crops.
[Solution Description] Sprinkler irrigation is an irrigation method that sprays water over the crops.

 Key Concept: Basic Function

b) To distribute water evenly over crops.
[Solution Description] The primary function of sprinkler irrigation is to distribute water evenly over crops, ensuring they receive adequate hydration.

 Key Concept: Water Scarcity Causes

b) Over-exploitation of water resources
[Solution Description] One of the primary causes of water scarcity mentioned in the syllabus is the over-exploitation of water resources due to increased consumption and poor management practices.

 Key Concept: Integrated Water Management, Pollution Impact

b) Construction of artificial wetlands for natural filtration
[Solution Description] To address the dual issues of pollution and water scarcity through integrated water resources management, we need a strategy that reduces pollution and increases water availability simultaneously. Constructing wetlands can filter pollutants naturally as they absorb contaminants, thereby improving water quality. Additionally, wetlands help in replenishing groundwater levels, which can mitigate water scarcity.

 Key Concept: Multi-purpose Projects

c) They can disrupt natural river ecosystems.
[Solution Description] Multi-purpose river projects, while beneficial for water storage and hydroelectric power generation, can lead to ecological disruptions. These projects may disturb natural habitats, affect aquatic life, and alter the flow regimes of rivers, potentially leading to negative impacts on local ecosystems.

 Key Concept: Rainwater Harvesting

b) Kulams (ponds)
[Solution Description] In southern India, a traditional method of rainwater harvesting involves building structures called "kulams" or ponds that collect and store rainwater for future use. These are ancient practices aimed at efficiently managing water resources.

 Key Concept: Basic Definition

d) Integrated Water Resource Management
[Solution Description] The abbreviation IWRM stands for Integrated Water Resource Management, which is a holistic approach to managing water resources by combining social, economic, and environmental considerations.

 Key Concept: Policy Critique, Critical Evaluation

c) They are moderately effective but require better integration of social and environmental factors
[Solution Description] The current water management policies might emphasize agricultural output without adequate consideration for sustainable practices or equitable resource distribution. From an IWRM perspective, effective management should not only support agriculture but also ensure environmental sustainability and social equity. If the existing policies lack holistic integration across these domains, they are likely partially aligned or misaligned with IWRM principles.

 Key Concept: Government Initiatives

d) Atal Bhujal Yojana
[Solution Description] Atal Bhujal Yojana is a government initiative focused on improving groundwater management throughout India by involving communities at the grassroots level.

 Key Concept: Water Scarcity Causes

c) High Population Density
[Solution Description] Urbanization often leads to increased population density which causes higher demand for water resources, leading to scarcity.

 Key Concept: Ecological Impact

a) Decreased fish migration and spawning grounds
[Solution Description] Large dams can lead to habitat disruption, affect aquatic life due to changes in water flow and temperature, and may cause issues like soil erosion and sedimentation upstream or downstream.

 Key Concept: Historical Significance, Real-world Application

c) Accelerated urban development
[Solution Description] Historically, the construction of major dams has significantly influenced regional development patterns by promoting urbanization. The Sardar Sarovar Project, for example, provides necessary water resources for industrial growth and urban expansion in Gujarat. By supplying reliable electricity and irrigation facilities, it encourages the establishment of industries and residential areas, leading to rapid urbanization. Furthermore, improved infrastructure related to dam projects attracts investments and workforce migration towards these developing hubs, transforming rural landscapes into urban centers.

 Key Concept: Traditional Methods

c) Guls or Kuls
[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, the traditional water harvesting methods in the Western Himalayas include Guls or Kuls. We need to pick the option that mentions these.

 Key Concept: Historical and Modern Comparison, Real-world Application

c) Modern dams focus on efficient storage and distribution but can impact local ecology.
[Solution Description]
Ancient irrigation practices on the Ganga relied heavily on natural flooding cycles and localized methods to manage water resources sustainably. In contrast, modern dam projects aim at comprehensive control over water flows for irrigation, hydropower, and flood prevention. While modern dams offer improved regulation and higher efficiency, they also pose risks such as altering natural river dynamics and disrupting community access to traditional water sources. Analyzing this comparison leads to the understanding that while modern projects provide greater control, they often conflict with sustainable local practices.

 Key Concept: Cultural Significance

b) It is considered sacred
[Solution Description] The Ganga river holds immense cultural significance in India as it is considered sacred by Hindus. It is a symbol of purity and spiritual cleansing, and many religious rituals and ceremonies are performed along its banks.

 Key Concept: Population Support

c) Millions
[Solution Description] Millions of people rely on the Ganga river for their water needs. The river supports a substantial portion of the population in its basin.

 Key Concept: Cultural Importance

c) Yamuna Chhath
[Solution Description] The cultural significance of the Yamuna river is evident in various Indian festivals. Yamuna Chhath is a festival celebrated by worshipping and performing rituals specifically dedicated to the Yamuna river, signifying its importance in local traditions.

 Key Concept: Environmental Challenges, Advanced Geographical Impact

b) It creates toxic soil conditions detrimental to crops.
[Solution Description]
The excessive discharge of pollutants into the Yamuna leads to a deterioration of water quality. This polluted water used for irrigation can introduce toxins into the soil, affecting crop health and yield. Additionally, it may disrupt the natural balance, reducing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems which indirectly supports agriculture by maintaining soil fertility through nutrient cycling.

 Key Concept: Cultural Significance

c) It is revered as sacred and features prominently in local festivals.
[Solution Description] The Brahmaputra River holds immense cultural significance in Assam, being considered sacred and central to several local festivals and traditions, reflecting its integration into the spiritual and social life of the communities.

 Key Concept: River Characteristics

c) High sediment flow
[Solution Description] The Brahmaputra River is known for its high sediment flow due to erosion processes in its upper course and along its banks.

 Key Concept: Ecological Impact

b) Submersion of forests and wildlife habitats
[Solution Description] Constructing dams can lead to the alteration of river ecosystems, which affects both aquatic and terrestrial life. One notable impact is the disruption of sediment flow, leading to the erosion of downstream habitats and affecting agricultural activities along the river banks. The building of reservoirs also submerges large areas of land, impacting flora and fauna. Therefore, one prominent ecological consequence of damming rivers is the loss of biodiversity.

 Key Concept: Multi-purpose Projects Features

c) Increasing urbanization
[Solution Description] Multi-purpose river projects usually aim to serve various functions such as providing hydroelectric power, irrigation facilities, flood control, and improving navigation. It often includes storing water for municipal and industrial usage. However, they do not target increasing urbanization directly, as this is more of an indirect effect rather than a stated objective.

 Key Concept: River Importance

c) It supports agriculture with extensive irrigation facilities.
[Solution Description] The Godavari River provides several benefits, such as supporting agriculture through irrigation, providing drinking water, and facilitating transportation. Among these, supporting agriculture is particularly significant because the river irrigates large areas of farmland in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, contributing to the agricultural economy.

 Key Concept: Water Disputes

c) Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
[Solution Description] Several states share the waters of the Godavari River, leading to disputes over its distribution. The primary states involved in these disputes include Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, as both rely significantly on the river for their water needs.

 Key Concept: Long-term Effects, Policy Implications

b) Creating a central governing body to oversee distribution
[Solution Description] Long-term effects of projects like the Sardar Sarovar often lead to water allocation disputes. A potential improvement would be the implementation of a joint management framework that promotes equitable water sharing and resolves conflicts. Such a policy fosters better cooperation by ensuring each state's water needs are fairly met, minimizing long-standing disputes.

 Key Concept: Inter-state Disputes

c) Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
[Solution Description] The Narmada Water Dispute involves states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan that share the river's basin and benefits from the projects.

 Key Concept: Policy Evaluation, Real-world Application

b) To ensure protective irrigation for all agricultural farms
[Solution Description] The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana (PMKSY) aims to enhance irrigation coverage by developing efficient water resource management strategies. Its primary goal is to ensure protective irrigation for all agricultural farms, thus improving agricultural productivity. By promoting micro-irrigation techniques and optimizing existing resources, PMKSY addresses critical challenges faced by Indian farmers, including water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices.

 Key Concept: Ecological Impact

c) Fragmentation of aquatic and riparian habitats
[Solution Description] Large dams can significantly alter the natural environment of a river system. One key ecological consequence is the fragmentation of habitats, which disrupts the continuity of ecosystems and affects aquatic life that depends on unobstructed river flow for migration and breeding.

 Key Concept: Purpose of Dams

a) Flood control
[Solution Description] The Hirakud Dam primarily serves for flood control, irrigation, and electricity generation. Identifying these functions helps determine the primary purpose.

 Key Concept: Historical Significance

c) Sophisticated ancient irrigation works
[Solution Description] Ancient irrigation systems in regions like Kalinga are historically significant for their sophisticated design and efficiency. They highlight the advanced engineering skills and understanding of hydrology in ancient times, contributing to agricultural success.

 Key Concept: Environmental Challenges, Long-term Sustainability

b) Tackling water pollution
[Solution Description]
Water pollution represents a significant environmental challenge for the Cauvery River, mainly due to industrial discharge and agricultural runoff. Addressing this is crucial for the river's long-term sustainability. Effective water management practices including regular monitoring, strict regulations on waste disposal, and initiatives for cleaning polluted sections of the river are essential to maintain its ecological balance and continue to support surrounding communities.

 Key Concept: Real-World Application, Critical Analysis

c) Implementing rainwater harvesting systems and adopting drought-resistant crops
[Solution Description] For long-term resilience, the community should adopt methods that improve water retention and efficiency. Drought-resistant crops and rainwater harvesting systems can significantly reduce dependency on unreliable precipitation, enhancing sustainability and crop yield stability.

 Key Concept: Crop Patterns

b) Encouraged diversified cropping
[Solution Description] Traditional irrigation techniques such as bamboo drip irrigation are highly efficient in water usage, allowing farmers in water-scarce areas to diversify their crops. These methods facilitate sustainable farming practices by optimizing water resources without inducing stress on them.

 Key Concept: Economic Impact, Environmental Consequences

b) By reducing water waste and enhancing crop yield through efficient water distribution
[Solution Description] Sustainable irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, reduce water usage by ensuring that water is only used where necessary. This efficiency leads to lower costs for farmers due to reduced water use. Economically, these practices enhance crop yield and profitability by providing targeted hydration without overuse of resources. Environmentally, they prevent soil degradation and decrease the likelihood of waterlogging and salinity issues, thus preserving land quality and ecosystem health.

 Key Concept: Basic Definition

d) Delivers water directly to plant roots
[Solution Description] Drip irrigation is a modern method that delivers water directly to the plant roots through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.

 Key Concept: Energy Source

c) Hydroelectric power
[Solution Description] Industries often rely on hydroelectric power due to its capacity to provide large amounts of energy suitable for industrial processes.

 Key Concept: Basic Concept

d) Cooling
[Solution Description] The primary purpose of using water in industrial cooling systems is to absorb heat from machinery and equipment, thus reducing their temperature.

 Key Concept: Application in Industry

c) It causes water pollution due to improper waste management.
[Solution Description] Water used as a solvent in chemical manufacturing can lead to environmental impacts such as water pollution if not properly managed. Chemicals can leach into local water sources during disposal, affecting both aquatic life and human health. Regulations often require treatment of waste water before discharge to minimize this impact.

 Key Concept: Policy Understanding

b) Atal Bhujal Yojana
[Solution Description] The Atal Bhujal Yojana is a government initiative aimed at improving groundwater management through community participation and awareness programs. Its main focus is to ensure sustainable groundwater use by involving local communities in monitoring and conserving water resources effectively.

 Key Concept: Comparative Analysis

d) JJM focuses on potable water supply, Atal Bhujal on water conservation
[Solution Description] The Jal Jeevan Mission focuses on providing potable piped water supply to rural households, while the Atal Bhujal Yojana primarily aims at water conservation and management especially in areas with stressed water resources.

 Key Concept: Historical Practices

c) Constructing stepwells to store and conserve water.
[Solution Description] Stepwells were ingeniously designed structures built to access groundwater and store rainwater. These provided a reliable source of water during dry periods and are an example of sustainable water management practices from history.

 Key Concept: Seasonal Variations

b) They lead to surplus water storage challenges
[Solution Description] Seasonal variations cause fluctuations in water supply, where certain periods might see excess rainfall and others have drought conditions. Effective water resource management involves storing excess water during rainy seasons to be used during dry spells, ensuring a balanced distribution throughout the year and minimizing shortages.

 Key Concept: Causes of Water Scarcity

a) Over-exploitation
[Solution Description] One of the major causes of water scarcity is over-exploitation, where water resources are used faster than they can be replenished naturally. This often leads to depletion and stress on available water sources.

 Key Concept: Concept Understanding

b) Developing drought-resistant crops
[Solution Description] The syllabus mentions developing drought-resistant crops as one of the potential solutions to manage water scarcity effectively.

 Key Concept: Impact on Ecosystems

c) Reduced biodiversity
[Solution Description] Over-exploitation of water resources for agriculture reduces the groundwater levels significantly. This can lead to reduced availability of water for natural ecosystems, which depend on consistent water sources. As a result, biodiversity may decrease due to habitat loss and altered natural conditions.

 Key Concept: Basic Concept

c) Reduced water availability for irrigation
[Solution Description] Groundwater depletion can lead to reduced water availability for irrigation, which directly affects crop yields by limiting the water supply needed for plant growth.

 Key Concept: Simple Cause and Effect

b) Falling groundwater levels
[Solution Description] Over-exploitation of water resources for irrigation leads to falling groundwater levels as more water is extracted than replenished.

 Key Concept: Water Projects

c) Sutlej
[Solution Description] The Bhakra-Nangal Dam is built on the Sutlej River, which is a major river in Northern India.

 Key Concept: Ecological Impact, Behavioral Change

d) It encourages industries to adopt eco-friendly practices, reducing water wastage and pollution.
[Solution Description] Water mismanagement in industrial sectors often leads to pollution and depletion of water resources. Behavioral change is crucial as it involves adopting eco-friendly practices and technologies that reduce water waste and pollution. Industries can implement recycling processes, waste treatment plants, and educate employees about water-saving techniques. Such changes lead to reduced environmental footprint and help maintain ecological balance, ensuring long-term sustainability.

 Key Concept: Basic Process

b) Screening or filtration
[Solution Description] The first step in the water recycling process usually involves screening or filtration. This step removes large solid materials and debris from the wastewater before more advanced treatment stages.

 Key Concept: Scenario-Based

c) Micro-irrigation
[Solution Description] In semi-arid regions, conserving water is crucial. Micro-irrigation methods like drip irrigation are designed to provide precise amounts of water directly to plant roots, significantly reducing water waste. This method not only conserves water but also enhances crop yield by providing consistent moisture levels, making it ideal for semi-arid areas.

 Key Concept: Causes of Water Scarcity

b) Over-exploitation
[Solution Description] The solution involves identifying factors that lead to the depletion of available water resources, with focus on human activities affecting them adversely.

 Key Concept: Basic Definitions

b) To eliminate open defecation
[Solution Description] The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by the Government of India with the primary objective of eliminating open defecation in the country. It focuses on improving sanitation facilities across urban and rural areas and promoting cleanliness and hygiene among citizens.

 Key Concept: Government Initiatives

c) To improve groundwater management
[Solution Description] The Atal Bhujal Yojana aims to improve groundwater management through community participation and sustainable practices. This initiative focuses on raising awareness and taking action to ensure better conservation and use of groundwater resources.

key Concept: Urbanization and Industrialization Impact

c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

[Solution Description]

The assertion is true because urbanization leads to increased demand for water due to a larger population, industrial activities, and lifestyle changes, which contribute to water scarcity. However, the reason provided is false. While urban centers may have more advanced infrastructure, it does not eliminate the fact that they face significant water scarcity issues due to high consumption rates and pollution. Therefore, the reason given is not addressing the cause of water scarcity in urban areas effectively.

key Concept: Basic Definition

c) Integrated water resource management

[Solution Description] Multi-purpose river projects are designed to serve multiple functions, such as irrigation, flood control, hydroelectric power generation, water supply for domestic and industrial use, navigation, and recreation. The overarching goal is integrated water resource management that maximizes benefits across different sectors.

key Concept: Cause and Effect Analysis

a) Saltwater intrusion

[Solution Description] Over-exploitation of groundwater can lead to several issues, particularly in areas with high population density. One major consequence is the depletion of aquifers, which are underground layers of water-bearing rock or materials capable of supplying water to wells. As groundwater levels drop due to excessive withdrawal, it becomes more expensive and technically challenging to extract water. Additionally, reduced groundwater levels can cause land subsidence, where the ground sinks due to the removal of large quantities of water from the underlying soil. Another serious impact is the potential for saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. When freshwater is excessively pumped out, saltwater from nearby seas or oceans can seep into the aquifer, making the remaining water too salty for most common uses.

key Concept: Ancient vs Modern

c) Ancient systems primarily focused on single-use like irrigation

[Solution Description] Ancient hydraulic systems were mainly built for specific purposes like irrigation and storage while modern multi-purpose projects integrate various uses such as electricity generation, flood control, and irrigation.

key Concept: Policy Implications, Integration with Other Schemes

b) Leads to enhanced and coherent water management policies

[Solution Description] Integration with other schemes like MGNREGA for labor-intensive activities and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for water sanitation can create comprehensive water conservation strategies. This collaboration enhances policy effectiveness by promoting sustainable practices, leveraging shared resources, and ensuring multi-dimensional impacts across sectors.

key Concept: Basic Concept

d) Meghalaya

[Solution Description]

The bamboo drip irrigation system is a traditional method of irrigation that has been practiced in the northeastern state of Meghalaya, India. It utilizes the abundant local bamboo to transport water from streams at higher elevations to agricultural fields located at lower elevations.